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Glass ^ 

Book_ 



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Copyright^ 



COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT: 




IRRIGATION GUIDE 



A concise tivatise 611 IRRIGATION. Designed 
for the practical Farn er, \vl o is c«»i vinced of tin* ad- 
vantages of irrigation, Ui t uYes not know how to 
practice it. 



C" y-ighu-d, 1895 byA. J.Kenney. 
LIVINGSTON, MONTANA. 




4-,' 



nidation 



toe CHEAPEST 



IRRIGATION 



Can be l<:-d 



with GASOLINE ENGINE and pump. 

\vo can furnish Engines from 2 to 50 horse power 
tint are RELIABLE DURABLE, AND 

DOONOMICAL. 

( 'St of operating, one cent per horse power per 
hour. We faroish free with every Engine an 

Electric BATTERY to explode the Gas, that will 
1 ist 4 mouths without any attention then it can 
b renewed a .d wdl last 4 months more, and so on 
for all time. We do not use a red hot tube to 
(-vilo'de the gas that has to be replaced with a new 
one almost daily. 

Foos Gas Engine Co., 

SPRINGFIELD, OHIO. 



INTRODUCTION. 



When we reflect, kind reader, upon the 
Wonder fid growth of population of the Tinted States, 
: that we are nearly doubling in numbers every 
t'yenty years aid when . we remember, that the 
science olide age has uanish- d pestilence, and that, 
the hu.nanuv : ot" the age is fast vetoing war, then 
will w'V <( ' ,> t n *t .the limit. <»i toed supply is The 
on'y liihit to the in r a's of our population. 
The^iiUmb r of a "res ui ; < •licultural land, 
ba'-inot be doubled .tV>rjeae : h supc.ssive generation, 
Tile available Land, is now pr;ctioa!ly .occupied. 
Tiien how snal lMC.d produ.lion, k ep pace with 
t!ie increase of population? The question >s 
answered in the m>gic word li^iivrA T1JX. 

Without water, neither plan' nor Auimil lite can 
exist. Neither can a Plant attain perfection, it* 

deprived of sufficient moisture at any stage of its 
growth. Drought is the most prolific cause of 

failure of crops, waile irrigation not onlV makes 
crops sure but doubles, an 1 q la Iruples the yield. 

T.10 ISjcretary oj Agriculture says, 
<c Cangres3, reahYmg t'nt [rr g „ a ki is i,i a sense, 
a n:\v agricultural qa.'srio.i. .ia-5 e!iar_*U the 
d3parta1e.1t, with its e > ni 1 r it' > 1, X >; 1' >r t 1 e 
West alou?, but for t'i 3 £^ra; w? ; i. Tu3re 
are S^asxii, w'.ira a lit ;1 j w.i';v, p.- >p3re.- dis- 



tributed, would add iminensly, to th© products 
East of the Mississippi." 

There are thousands of Farms east of the Miss- 
issippi, that could be irrigated with small ex- 
pense, compared to the advantage to be derived. 
Corn lands, that usually make 40 or 50 bushels 
per acre, would with one or two irrigating?', during 
the dry time in July and Augii8t,maKe 80 to 10O 
bushels per. acre. Wheat lands, producing 10 

to 20 bushels per. acre, ought with one irrigating, 
make 30 to GO bushels per. acre, and so on. 
through the list. " 

It is not uncommon in the \v<st, to see Irish 
Potatoes weighing 3 and 4 poinds each, or wheat 
turning off -lO aid CO bushels per.' '\ acre. and 
Oats K) bushels per. acre, with no apparent ad - 
vantage, except water when needed. 

This little work, however is intended for the , 
practical Farmer, . EUst, West, North, or fc'cuth, 
who is convinced' of the advantage of Irrigation, 
but does not 1 now' how to practice it. 



SURVEYING. 

• ' ••• ■ • "i 

The first, thing in Ditch construction, is to 
survey : and stake off your ditch. 
You ncea 1 not j>ay a professional surveyor for do- 
ing it, bat i:ui do. it y oar- seif. j '■• 
For .4 surveying instrument, use ;i board, six- 
tec i and >» .v hiiif feut Jong, eig! it : inches wide, 
and oif men liueK wiiu diier ^mugot edge. Toe 
oth r edge should be dressed i»i'iy leaving the 
bo i id eigiit i jehes wide iir the d&lxterj i^nc] sloping 
(foAM to uoout i<*ur inches at ,eaeh. ejid. This to 
m iKe it light, and.Jeavt' it strong^.;to;avoid.spring 
-ing. ■> Then naif: on e.n-h «i»d .ft f " th • bo;nd, a 
leg, ab-o.it t-iirtv inches i^iig^-U/c leg4 isliould he 
exactly t:ie saine length, i'i"? .,.. • 



••-•' Xow you : Nfc|4iit to find a- perfectly ,h.'vel *sur- 
•facj, for adjusting Vo'iiV s/frj1 1 v V on 7 , so -board. 
Perhaps tax easiest- and niu>sr simple way, i-> to 
finl ashallow pool of standing water*, and drive 
down two pegs, ju'st gixtjoii aril oae hi'f feet a £ >art. 



and just to a level with the waters surlaceu 
place the legs of the board, on these pegs, 
adjust your spirit level, on the cer 

of The board, so the bulb indicates level, fasten 
tbe level securely, so that it eannot jar loose, 
or vary. Now your surveying board is simply a 
big level, on legs but you do not want to make 
your ditch level, :so having decided the amount of 
fall you wish to giyy .your ditch, say ( me eighth 
q| ainMoMW xnKi.ixoa, tiien, you want to saw off 
that ...mu^.vi .from on<; l*g oi\ your hoard. Then 

mar.v %-i\&i end S. for short, and in. surveying, 
alhvavs riin, tho' short end, joward the the head, 
or source of the ditch. 

NviW, fuit a sertH, in < ach « ud of the board, for 
sights.. ,. Let the sight ou S. end, Ktnnd one 
eighth" iiv.t. liight r li. .n j .u : . £J#ht ou the other 
end-. See FU^ l. , ...:.;.,.. 

ICty^ u have faithfully followed instructions, you 
have a surveying board that will do the work 
just as correctly, as the most expensive surveying 
instrument made. 

Now 4 to survey a elite}.. Commence at the 

highest point of land tuat you propose to cov- 
er with yonr ditch. Set the nurveyiug board 
with S. end |» anting toward tW source of 
water supply. AIoac >. vtuV" until level is indi- 
cated. T.ien have your ije-pcr drive a stake at 
. the foot of S. cud. If the land i» sloping, drive 
the pegs on the lower side. Then move up 
settiug thvi long leg at the stake, just wiiere 
t«e S. leg was. move S. le g a bout until level 



h lio.it od, then arird stake as be.or,:. The 
ikes arc to mark your survey so you can find 
■and follow it afterward. 

In surveying across a swag, or depression, 
WJdoh you mean to fill, or ;i hollow of gulch, 
wii.'i y ki mean to fiiim^, or a steep hill side, 
that you can. ot stan 1 on, you irocjeed^i folows. 
Take a o >.«ri tarce feet :ong, .ma i..ree or. our 
inches wide, Lot. at S. end of surveying- board. 
and mark a spot for a target, just as high 

frj.ii thy ground, as the top of the sight on 
the S. end of surveying board. . 

Now with the S. .end setting at the last 
peg drove, turn the other end until the board 
p uats straight across \he swag, gu'c'i, or b: nk. 
L )\ver, or raise the long leg, uutil h\el. send 
a mm across with the Target, let-ibim mo e it 
a)out. until the target comes in -dine wit): the 
sig its. Taen drive a peg at the foot of the 
target. Tim 11 move up to this peg and pr. ee<d 

as before. ' - 

In surveying for Flumes, vou should if nos- 
sible, give one inch fall to the rod. In order that 
less, lumber, and work wdi be required in its 
c mtruction. . •. 

An 1 that less weight of water will be on 
t'lJ L'l l 11 '. A:! a gkvc.J .v.^ i ■ o." \.;:'.0l\ fl.OWi 

in >; th:>i;i a flu u ■ at; the rat<- of two f el 
p.v. 3e3.)i(, would b» r.'lu-.'i in weight one h If, 
if se it tirj.iga at tid rate o2 four foot per. sec. 



Then to purvey with more fall, raise the 
aiAt on S. ntud of board, a« much as you want 
to increase the fall. Having finished your sur- 
vey to the stream^ you are ready to begin the 
construction of your ditch. 

Ditch Construction. 

First, it is necessary to deride on the size 
of your ditch. In the \V«*t, one in h of wa 

-ter, is calculated to irrigate uiie a«re of land. 

Water is measured thus, in Montana. A 

box is constructed, with a Head Gate, so as to 
leave an opening of six inch* s, between the bottom 
of the box, and the lower edgo of the gate. '1 he 
box: is placed level, and so :rraug«d that the 
stream, in passing through the aperture, is 

not obstructed by back water, or an ethly below 
tiM g:'t«\ but before entering trie opening the 
stream should be brought to an eddy, and j«tand 
t'Tee inches on the Head Gate, a. id above the 
t »p of the opening. The nuiuher of square 

inches contained in the opening, is the meas- 
ure of the water. 

l\y this why of me;«sureiug, it vill take about 
t'w« square inches of ditch, t» carry oii« square 
incU of water, giving one eighth inch fall to 
the rod. Of course, a ditch will carry more 

or less, according to the fall you give it, but the 



more /all, the longfi 1 the ditch will be. and in 
land that in liable jjy wash, ou 1 eighth of an 
ino i tp tiit rod, vyili L>. .a«/ut j ii^li L. But if 

n.ossary, water can be made to run with one 
thirty second of an inch fall to th^ rod. 
We wjlj suppose how ever, that you want to 
irigate eighty acres, and will requite a ditch 
two feet wide, and nine inches deep. 

Now, begin at the last survey peg, which 
is at tb* 1 waters edge, and on a 1*'\ *J with it. 
Dig and shovel out a ditch ol above dimensions, 
until it is made .\w:.v from tin fn**, .-. u 01,10 
-round that can be worked with a team and 
plow. 

Then use four steady horses, and a road, or gra- 
ining plow, start in where you hit off diging, 
M .nd plow deep, fdlow the suiTry pegs, just 
j 1 wing them up. 

Lay off as long a stretch of the ditch, as 
s H*ins best. Then plow buck in the same 

furrow, ami if not thoroui<li;y plowed as deep 
as nine inches, keep plowing in same furrow, 
until it is. Then plow two other furrows 

the same way. 

Now to clean out the loose dirt, take a big 
solid log, ten feet long, that will square two 

t\e\ hew square then cut each cud Just in the 
shape of a big turning plow. 

MaKe the bottom a little concave, so as to 
leave the points press well to the ground. 



In the top side of the log, and at each end, 
put in goo.l strong Iiooks, or eyes to pull by. 
Then if you like, you cau put on handles to 
hold it steady. 

Niw, hitch your four horses, on this and 
urag through the ditch, then put to the other 
t ud, and drag back when you will have most 
of the loose dirt out. 

After this, you shonld go over with pick, 
shovel, and surveying board, : nd finis'i up, 

by working off thi* high j hecs. 

Set tin* sufv« yi ig bo«-rd iu the bottom • of 
tiie ditch with S. end just nine inches below 
the water level, and if the other end is too 
high, dig down until level is indicated. smooth 
off between the two leg«, as near as you cmi by the 
eye. Then move up, setting S. end just where 
ttie long leg was, and proe« «'d as btjore, 
and so on thio igh,as far as you have plowed. 

Then turn in a little wat»r, to test if it 
will run, which it will be sure to do, if you 
have, made no mistakes. 

It is well to all ways bt* careful, and sys- 
tematic, remembering that what is worth doing 
at all, is worth doing well. 

j)i> not lay off too much at once, but rather 
finish up as you go, and test it by runing water 
through it. 

A large proportion ; of irrigation ditches made, 
are made the first time, up hill. In such cases, 



there is ho other rtmedv, but to make a hew 



ditch 



H 'fore lt< >iriLT too far, put in a good substantial 
Had Gate to let the water in or turn it out. It 
: ■'; > 1 1 rl be put in so that it will not wash out, 
and should be of sufficient height to prevent 
overflow. 

If a larger ditch is desired, tlmn'the one de- 
s -ribed, there is probably no better wry, than 
to use ordinary R. R. s Tapers, f'cr moving the 
lo :se dirt. Three term:-, w'th driver*, and one 
man to fill scrapers, is about the fctst cr. w. Tie 
drivers dumping the scrapers. This way, the 

ditch should be plowed as wide as wanted. . 
then scraped out, then plowed again and scraped 
dumping in the vacant places, to make a solid 
bank of the loose dirt. 

Which will require about three plowing* 
arid scrapings. 



Flumes. 



We now suppose that you have finished the 
«.itch to the baiiK of a gulch, that you want 
to flume, the lumber to be used, for the size 
ditch under consideration, should be twelve or 
fourteen inches wide, and one and a half 
inches thick, and sixUcu and a half teet long 
for bottoms. Ten or twelve inches wjb*». one 
inch thick, and ?ixte<>n and a half f < < t I< ng, for 
sides. Four inches s<j uare, fur uprights, and 
two by four inches for caps. The ground sills 
should be six by six, or round timbers of simular 
size,, hewed on top side. Fig. 2. shows manner 
of constructing suppoits. 



Fig. 2. 




tfof convenience 'in sawing eloped of up- 
rights you should make a big wooden square, 
a* shown in Fig. 3. make it oi six , inch 
board, the blade sixteen feet, long. 
T mgue four feet, and sliding tongue 
t ro feet long. Mark it off correctly in 
t jot, inches, and fractions. 

Now taKe a> log or timber, six 
or eight feet long, and Lum across the 
ditch, at the comim neement of the 
flume, this to anchor tin f mmc to. \ ut 
it down one and a half inches b. low u.e 
bottom of ditch. The top side of l«g 
should have a smooth face, to nail the 
bottom of flume to.. After it is in place 
and level, tan p in dirt, 1. vel with the 
f.ice of log. Now, with - Iraight edge, 
sivteei and a half feet I i^*. M*r«a-;e 
i'«»r tne place to s<>t the bill, ior . - 
the first upii.h. timbers to set |2 1 ^ i 

Oi. M •■•• -^ »re on a hvel, set the 
sill in the g t*n<l, set it. level 
and squ: re a toss. Now with Fig.3. 
the straight edge, on the first 
rtN. M^» c nr«> the height from 
se ond sill, up to level with 
the first sill, say three feet and 
•fie inch. 

'Hien get the slide tongue ef 
tn " square, at three feet, leaving 

r~T~3~T~T 



off the" oiic inch, for fall to the fhimU . 

Now to g« t the slope, to saw the uprights, 
plac^ the square on the timber, with the top 
and of timber, at -one on slide tongue, and 
the other- end at two on stationary tongue of 
square. MarK on the heavy lines as 

shown in Fig. 3. Saw, and moiv 

tise on cap, x hieh should be two and a half 
feet long, le.tvng three inches outside each mor- 
tise, naii on bra es, as si .own in -Fig. 2. 
Now set up in posith.-n.aid toe nail l.-otton s to. 
sill. Then i an <n lie bottom of 1 ume, 

and set a biuCe under the center of flume bot- 
tom. Now measure, and set the sill, for the 
next set of uprights. Then with your straight 
edge, and level, find the distmce*' between the 
level of sills number three, and sill number ,two, 
say two feet and eleven inches. 
Leave off one inch for iall,tak,e two feet ten 
inches, and add to the height of the last set 
of uprights, which was three feet. That gives 
five feet ten inches, take off one inch for fall, 
set slide; tongue at five feet nine .inches, lay 
/ mil- square on the timber, top. end as before 
aeid bottom rmd at two feet six inches. 
C-'ying wide- base, as -the uprights get longer*? 
Mark, snd saw, mortise, brace, set,., up - and nail 
;w before, and so on until yon r^ach the oVep- 
etft part of the gulch. •; - . '-. 

Vfe Kfv suppose, thr=.t at the dcepet-'t part- 
f the gulch, your uprights are sixteen feet 1 ■■ jig 



fiiejisUre anil set the sill fof tbe ascending' - side. 
Find difference )n levels uf sills, say iuui' feet. 
NaW to get height of upr.guts, * take four 
from sixteen, equal twelve. take one inch off for 
Fall. Set slide tongue, at eleven fret and eleven 
holies place s-qurre on timber, with top end at 
one. And three feet six inches at bottom. Mark, 
saw, mortise and cap, hi ace, a t up, toe nal, 
nail on Flume bottom. Measure and set next 

siil, find dif'f renc< in ],v In o ,vil<; sVy thiee 
feet ten n h s; wh-eh t: k*- r in t ' o hi- hi of 
last uprigh s, (e.e\en feet and eUv\n i ehes,) 
equals eight feet and one inch. Take off one 
i ich for fa'l. Set the s^u .re at ei ht feet* Lay 
t e square on timber at one top. And three at 
b >ttom mark, saw, mort's-, c^p, fra-e and set 
u:». Toe nail , nail on Flume bottom. Measure 
and set n *xt sill find d i r nee i 1 vels. Say 
throe feet and eleven inches, which take from 
eight feet, equals four feet and one inch. Leave 
off one inch for Fall. Set square at Four 

Feet. Place square on timber at one top, 

and two at the bottom. Mark, saw, Mortise 

cap, Brace, setup and toe nail, nail on Flume 
bottom. Measure for next sill, which we Mill say 
reaches the bank; where you want to bury a 
loflf as at. first; to anchV r Flume t'. . Put it 
d*™n one and a half j ncn s h^ow lev"' vrith r^^ 
oj lust set of uprights. Tairm in ■ ec r\ ard 

n ;!i <>n rh/me bottom. Now i ai : r-n ti<<' siTe 

b^..rds of the Fiume. Nail blocivs vii outside 



at joints. Then at intervals oi eight and one fourth 
feet, nail on biiwus, to keep tiie Flume from 
spreading* or warding* 

Your Flume jiow being finished, turn in a 
little water to test it. 

To matte a Fill, across a swag, or 
depression, you } recced similar to making a R. R. 
grade. Plowing e:ch side, and scraping dirt to. 
center. Until you hr.ve a grade high ui<,ir£h to 
make Ditch on. Make a Culvert through the 

embankment, at the low. st part of the swag; for 
rain water to pass thresh. 



Dams. 



It is often the case, that yen can 
not start Ditch, at the watt r level; on account 
of cut banks; or other causes. In such cases, 

it will be necessary to make a Dam ; to raise 
the water. to a level with the Ditch. 
For this purpose, nothing answers so well as 
brush: Willow or other long brush. Cut and 
bind the brush with wire, in bundles, as large 
r^ two men can handle. Place a layer of these 
bundles, in the creek bed; with the tops up 
the stream. Then throw in dirt, gravel, and 

rock, t'> fill in and we\rht these rVtvti. 

Then another layer of brush. And fo en 

r-til th** v-ner ; ^ ra^ed to the dcsJltd height. 
Then cover with rock. 



Reservoirs. 



If there is no running Stream near you that yon 
can appropriate for rrrigating purposes; Then per- 
haps the no:; t 1;« st plan is to mtild a reservoir, 
to catch water in titne of rain or melting snow, 
and hold it until needed by growing crops. 

A reservoir containing one i ere, and hohlii g 
water to an average depth of ten feci ; will 
irrigate about forty :!cn-s\ one time. 

For a resevoir sire, st-Kct a swag draw, < r 
depression, above the level of the land to be 
irrigated. A clay soil, or a soil resting on a clay 
subsoil, is best. If the draw is independent of 
the main draw, which yen aim to eateii water 
from, all t lie hotter. As y^u can thus fill tin- 
reservoir, by ditch connection with the n.aiit 
draw: and avoid danger of overflow. 

To build a dam; or embankment for a 
reservoir; the place where it is to be constructed, 
should be cleared of all vegetation and debris. 
A id thoroughly prepared, by plowing, or trench- 
ing, or both. So that the earth composing ihe 
embankment, shall be firmly tinited therewith, 
at the ends, and at the bottom, and th* 1 t'fith 
should be sYuvad evenly, and in lay« i-s. rot ex- 
c cling a foot in depth, a d so dan p tied, tramp 
-■• d. packed, rolled or troden d^rrn-. r« '■• fcrai 
a thoro ig'dy compact mass. A cjvj.ss section of 



such cbtrri, shoiiUl be of the following proportions. 
Tiie width at lire base, fc-iioidu be, not Jess than 
five times the proposed heigLt. And the wkltn 
at the top, should be Hot Lss tlian half the 
height. And ft e s^ope of the outer face, should 
not he more tli rt ii one foot of rise, to one and 
a half fe t - f sprerd. a d the slope of the inner 
face, next to the water to be held ore! . should 
not be more than one foot of rise, to three feet 
of spread. 

Tie- inner face' of the dam, or cml.nnk- 
ment, sho/id be i'.aed w'.tl* stone or timber t" in- 
sist wave action. No water should be allow 
-ed to flow over the darn; but proper wasteway 
made to allow the <s a >e of surplus water. 

Before con.m< n i g ihe en bankment, you 
should put in, near* the lowest point of reser- 
voir, a good strong box ▼. iih suitable g te, for 
ieting the water out for use. The box should 

be a few feet longer than the width of base of 
embankment, a :d s 1 ould b'j well tamped around. 
In some soils it is necessary to puddle the 
reservoir, to keep the water from seeping away. 
Puddling is done by removing all the sod, or 
vegetation. Then thoroughly plow and pulverize 
fine, .the whole surface, and turn in valer, then 
run over it with a drag, made of beards, laped, 
ilk.' we.'U/i >r boarding. 

Tiiis will practically render it, impervious 
to water. 



irrigating fri a small W&fi for* gardens, suid truck 
pitches, can be iL/iie to advance, by elevating 
water from wells, or otuer sources of supply. JStor 
*ing the Water in small Reservoirs, and where 
the elevation is not too great, and the wnt/r sup- 
ply is sufficient, this* can bg drnie quite exten- 
sively. There are various -ways of raining water, 
among whieh are. Hydraulic Hams, run bv 
water its self. Lnk Belt Eh vatrr*, And pumps, rm 
by water wheels, Wind mill, Ho s , Steam, or Gas 
power. 

Applying Water to Crops. 

Grain should usiraly not be irrigated until it has 
made sufficient growth to shaue the land, : t the 
land tends to run together pack and Lake,' when 
exposed to the direct rays of the sun, after being 
irrigated. Hence, the importance of conserv 

-ing the moisture, furnished by spring rains. 
This is accomplished by deep plowing, and thor- 
ough pulverization of the soil, before planting, 
or sowing; and in hoed crops, by frequent cultiva 

ti«Tl. 

The water should be conducted in the main 
ditch, to, and along the highest part of the field to 
be irrio-pt°d. Grain, Hay, rnd other crops not 
grown in rows, are irrigated by Floooi >g. that 
is, the water is made to flow owr the whole 



surface Ol the land, If the lat!<i lavs cornparatiivly 
level, or gradtndy sloping, but nut undiuatmg the 
side or lateral ditches .should be made running 
with the greatest slope of the land, commencing at 
the highest and running direct to the lowest part 
of the land. The ditches are male by running 
an ordinary stiring plow twice through : throwing 
a furrow each way; these furrows form rims to the 
ditches for keening the water in hounds of the 
strip being irrigated. These ditches shoulu be 
about thirty three feet apart and over the v . n'e 
field and can be made any time alter iii* grain 
or crop is sown. Now nuke a dam across the 
main ditch so as to turn the water in between the 
first two side ditches, take your position m front 
of the water and with a shovel keep t 1 e water flow 
-i ig evenly over the t Lilly tlr e ie< t spree not 
allowing it. to hie; k < *v< r the rimsinto the dilcins. 
as soon as the water runs through to the lower end 
of the land, Change it to the next space. If the 
water is kept flowing evenly over the spaces the 
subsequent irrigatings will be quite easy. 
If the land is undulating then the side or lateral 
ditches must be surveyed, and run on grade, same 
as main ditch. In this case the dit -bes should be 
i '- > n sixty to one hundred feet apart and The 
rims all on The lower sides. 

To irrigate in This way. begin at. Highest 
poiiix of The land, puT a darn in Tin main dh'ch 



bo as To turn the water out on a space of Thir- 
ty or forty ieit. Guide along and spivad eVenlv 
until it reaches the next ditch below: then put id 
:i dam in that ditch, and guide and spread the 
vter until it is caught in 1 h- < ■ next ditch, h(*low, 
and so on until the fi< Id is crossed. 

Then go back to the main ditch, and begin 
another space in the same way, and ho on through. 
In irrigating Hmd crops, the rows should 
be laid off in a dinction that will allow the wa- 
ter to run freely, but should n<»t 1 o ( t r m ngh 
to wash. Hoed crops should not be flooded, but 

should have furrows run between the rows, allow- 
ing the water run in these furrows : turning a 
s nail stream in each row. Never allowing it to 
e nne in direct contact with the plant. 

Do not allow the Water o ■ i ujtr than ncees- 
s ,;, v, for .the moisture to meet in the subsoil uu- 
d i" the row, which you can tell by sticking down 
a shovel. 
[t is tlie water returning to the surface, from 

w, that does the plants most good. 

Cultivate, as soon as dry enough, after each 
i -rigating. 

T ^ not. commence to irrigate until it is re :ly hec- 
i ;safy, but after commencing, never aiiow the 
Und, to become dry. 

A little water applied often is the best 
rule for hoed crops. 



The IRRIGATION ME. 

"Water is the God of the Hrrvest." 
INDISPENSABLE TO r J HE 



FARMER 




FRUIT GROWER 


ENGINEER, 




CONTRACTCR, 


INVENTOR, 




HOME BUILDER." 


Should ho in 


* 


The only Maga- 


every home in 


* 


zine of its kind 


America. 


* 


in existance, 



MONTHLY. ILLUSTRATED $2.00 per. year. 

The Irrigation Age. 

511 Masonic Temple. CHICAGO. 

SalT" cample copies 10 cents- 





LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



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